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No. 1: Titan (United States)
The new supercomputer, located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the Tennessee Valley, is capable of 17.6 petaflops (quadrillions of calculations per second). It was a close race for the top position: Titan outperforms its nearest competitor by just over a petaflop.
Titan's ascendency to the top of the supercomputing world puts the Department of Energy back in a position it's accustomed to. Jaguar, Titan's predecessor, was the world's fastest in 2010. Today, Jaguar would have placed tenth -- Titan is 10 times faster. That's how quickly things change in the supercomputing world.
With Titan making the jump to the top, the United States is now firmly back on top of the computing world after ceding ground to Japan, China and Germany over the past three years.
That's not just a badge of honor: It's also critical to national security and the country's economic viability. Titan will help U.S. scientists pioneer research into climate change, biofuels, nuclear energy, new materials and other crucial fields, which will help them create the next wave of car batteries, switchgrass ethanol and improved weather forecasting tools -- all developed in America.
No. 2 Sequoia (United States)
Sequoia is a National Nuclear Security Administration supercomputer, used for nuclear weapons research. The NNSA uses the IBM computer to model weapons performance and extend the life of aging weapons systems.
Work on designing the supercomputer began more than three years ago, and the system went online in April.
No. 3: K-Computer (Japan)
The Japanese supercomputer is capable of 10.51 petaflops. Hence the supercomputer's name: The letter "K" is short for the Japanese word "kei," which means 10 quadrillion.
Unlike the two computers ahead of it on the Top 500 list, the K Computer only has CPUs -- no GPU accelerators. That makes it a truly massive supercomputer: it comprises 864 computer racks, four times the number of racks in the Titan system.
K Computer is used at the Riken Institute for Physical and Chemical Research in Kobe, Japan. The Riken Institute shares its computing power for researchers' projects around the world.
No. 4: Mira (United States)
Mira, another brand-new Department of Energy supercomputer, is capable of 10.1 petaflops.
The IBM Blue Gene supercomputer is housed at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois and is used for astronomy, energy, climate and materials research -- just like the more powerful Titan supercomputer.
Current research being conducted on Mira includes studies of exploding stars, subatomic particles, seismic hazards, materials used in nuclear reactors, and advanced energy technologies.
No. 5: Juqueen (Germany)
After a recent upgrade, Juqueen became Europe's top supercomputer. The 5 petaflop system, housed at the Forschungszentrum Juelich in Germany, is used for open scientific research.
There are 23 systems with petaflop speeds on the latest list -- five years ago, there were none. Roadrunner, the world's first petaflop supercomputer, debuted in June 2008.
The United Kingdom, France and Germany each have about 20 supercomputers on the list.
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